Structural, photocatalytic, and photophysical properties of perovskite MSnO3 (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba) photocatalysts

The photophysical properties of MSnO3 (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba) including optical absorption, photoluminescence, and energy band structure including band edge positions were investigated experimentally and theoretically in association with their photocatalytic properties. Photocatalytic reactions for H-2 and O-2 evolution in the case of sacrificial reagents were performed under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The order of the activities of H-2 evolution was CaSnO3 > SrSnO3 > BaSnO3, agreeing not only with that of the conduction-band edges (or band gaps) but also with that of the transferred excitation energy, while that of O-2 evolution was CaSnO3 < SrSnO3 < BaSnO3, consistent with that of the angle of the Sn-O-Sn bonds as well as the delocalization of excited energy. When loaded with RuO2 cocatalyst, both CaSnO3 and SrSnO3 can efficiently split pure water into hydrogen and oxygen in a stoichiometric ratio under UV light irradiation. In addition, RuO2-loaded SrSnO3 showed higher water splitting activity than RuO2-loaded CaSnO3 did. This is attributed to the suitable conduction and valence band edges and to high mobility of the photogenerated charge carriers caused by the proper distortion of SnO6 connection in SrSnO3. The RuO2-loaded BaSnO3 photocatalyst cannot split pure water, which might be because of a high concentration of defect centers such as Sn2+ ions and the probability of radiative recombination in BaSnO3.