Mori folium inhibits interleukin-1β-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory mediators by suppressing the activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK in SW1353 human chondrocytes

The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by stimulating several mediators that contribute to cartilage degradation. Mori folium, the leaves of Morus alba L., has long been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes, protect the liver, and lower blood pressure; however, the role of Mori folium in OA is not yet fully understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether Mori folium water extract (MF) inhibited the catabolic effects of IL-1 beta in vitro, and also whether it inhibited the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) through the attenuation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in SW1353 human chondrocytes. MMP proteins in culture medium were determined using a cytokine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The production of NO and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) were evaluated using Griess reagent and ELISA. Subsequently, the mRNA and protein levels of MMPs, iNOS, COX-2, NF-kappa B and MAPKs were examined by RT-qPCR and/or western blot analysis. The results indicate that MF significantly reduced the IL-1 beta-induced release of MMP-1 and -13 in SW1353 cells, which was associated with the inhibition of MMP-1 and -13 mRNA and protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner at concentrations with no cytotoxicity. MF also attenuated the IL-1 beta-induced production of NO and PGE2, and reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, we noted that MF markedly suppressed the IL-1 beta-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B, which correlated with the inhibitory effects of MF on inhibitor-kappa B (I kappa B) degradation, and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was selectively restored by MF upon IL-1 beta stimulation. These results indicate that MF inhibited the production and expression of MMP-1 and -13 and inflammatory mediators, at least in part, through suppressing the activation of either NF-kappa B or p38 MAPK in IL-1 beta-treated SW1353 chondrocytes. Therefore, the novel findings of the present study suggest that MF is a potential therapeutic choice for chondroprotection against the collagen matrix breakdown in the cartilage of diseased tissues, such as those found in patients with arthritic disorders.