Controlled release study of carbaryl insecticide from calcium alginate and nickel alginate hydrogel beads

In this study, controlled release formulations for reducing environmental impact of pesticides have been produced by encapsulating as a model pesticide carbaryl (Carb) in the alginate beads. The various hydrogel bead formulations were prepared by the ionotropic cross-linking of sodium alginate (NaAlg) with calcium and nickel ions. The surface morphology of prepared beads was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM confirmed the spherical nature and surface morphology of the particles. Bead characteristics, such as carbaryl entrapment efficiency, particle size, equilibrium swelling degree, and carbaryl release kinetics, were determined. The effects of the bead preparation conditions such as crosslinker concentration and type, carbaryl/sodium alginate (Carb/NaAlg) ratio and percentage of NaAlg on the carbaryl release from the calcium alginate (Ca-Alg) and nickel alginate (Ni-Alg) beads were investigated in distilled water at 25 degrees C. It was observed that carbaryl release from the Ca-Alg beads was slower than that of Ni-Alg beads. The release results indicated that carbaryl release from both of the Ca-Alg and Ni-Alg beads decreases with the increasing crosslinker concentration, Carb/NaAlg ratio and percentage of NaAlg. The highest carbaryl release was found to be 100% for the Ni-Alg beads at 3 days whereas the lowest carbaryl release was found to be 67% for the Ca-Alg beads at 21 days. The swelling measurements of the beads were also in consistent with the carbaryl release results. The carbaryl release from most of the bead formulations followed Case II transport. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.