Superplastic forming 40 years and still growing

In late 1964 Backofen, Turner & Avery, at MIT, published a paper in which they described the extraordinary formability exhibited when fine-grain zinc-aluminum eutectoid (Zn 22 Al) was subjected to bulge testing under appropriate conditions. They concluded their research findings with the following insightful comment even more appealing is the thought of applying to superplastic metals forming techniques borrowed from polymer and glass processing. Since then their insightful thought has become a substantial reality with thousands of tons of metallic sheet materials now being superplastically formed each year. This paper reviews the significant advances that have taken place over the past 40 years including alloy developments, improved forming techniques and equipment, and an ever increasing number of commercial applications. Current and likely future trends are discussed including; applications in the aerospace and automotive markets, faster-forming techniques to improve productivity, the increasing importance of computer modeling and simulation in tool design and process optimization and new alloy developments including superplastic magnesium alloys.