Farnesol-induced apoptosis in human lung carcinoma cells is coupled to the endoplasmic reticulum stress response

Farnesol (FOH) and other isoprenoid alcohols induce apoptosis in various carcinoma cells and inhibit tumorigenesis in several in vivo models. However, the mechanisms by which they mediate their effects are not yet fully understood. In this study, we show that FOH is an effective inducer of apoptosis in several lung carcinoma cells, including H460. This induction is associated with activation of several caspases and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). To obtain insight into the mechanism involved in FOH-induced apoptosis, we compared the gene expression profiles of FOH-treated and control H460 cells by microarray analysis. This analysis revealed that many genes implicated in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, including ATF3, DDIT3, HEKPUD1, HSPA5, XBP1, PDLA4, and PHLDA1, were highly up-regulated within 4 h of FOH treatment, suggesting that FOH-induced apoptosis involves an ER stress response. This was supported by observations showing that treatment with FOH induces splicing of XBP1 mRNA and phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha,. FOH induces activation of several mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, including p38, MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)-ERK, and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). Inhibition of NIEKI/2 by U0126 inhibited the induction of ER stress response genes. In addition, knockdown of the MEK1/2 and JNK 1/2 expression by short interfering RNA (siRNA) effectively inhibited the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP and apoptosis induced by FOH. However, only NIEKI/2 siRNAs inhibited the induction of ER stress-related genes, XBP1 mRNA splicing, and eIF2 alpha phosphorylation. Our results show that FOH-induced apoptosis is coupled to ER stress and that activation of NIEKI/2 is an early upstream event in the FOH-induced ER stress signaling cascade.