Messenger RNA oxidation is an early event preceding cell death and causes reduced protein expression

We previously reported that up to 50% of messenger RNAs ( mRNA) are oxidatively damaged in the affected area of Alzheimer's disease ( AD) brains. The role of RNA oxidation in the cell death process is unknown. In the present study, we used cortical primary dissociated cultures to investigate the relationship between RNA oxidation and neuron degeneration induced by various insults, including hydrogen peroxide, glutamate, and amyloid beta peptide. These insults mediate the production of reactive oxygen species and thus induce oxidative stress. The results showed that RNA oxidation was an early event far preceding cell death, not merely a consequence of dying cells. RNA oxidation occurred primarily in a distinct group of neurons that died later. Identification of oxidized RNA species revealed that significant amounts of mRNAs were oxidized and that some mRNA species were more susceptible to oxidative damage, consistent with findings in the AD brain. The level of protein corresponding to the oxidized mRNA species was significantly decreased. Polyribosome analysis indicated that oxidized bases in mRNAs caused ribosome stalling on the transcripts, which led to a decrease of protein expression. These results suggest that RNA oxidation may be directly associated with neuronal deterioration, rather than harmless epiphenomenona, during the process of neurodegeneration.