期刊
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR PREVENTION & REHABILITATION
卷 14, 期 5, 页码 694-700出版社
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
DOI: 10.1097/HJR.0b013e328270b913
关键词
atherosclerosis risk factors; C-reactive protein; epidemiology; estrogen; hormone replacement therapy; smoking
资金
- NIDCR NIH HHS [K24 DE 00419, R03 DE 016357, U54 DE 14264] Funding Source: Medline
Background Previous studies have shown dose-dependent and time-dependent effects of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in men, but results were inconsistent for women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dose-dependent and time-dependent association of smoking and smoking cessation with CRP concentrations in men and women using a novel comprehensive smoking index (CSI). Design Cross-sectional study of representative US survey data (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002). Methods The CSI simultaneously accounts for intensity, duration and time since cessation of smoking. We analyzed data of 3505 men and 3896 women using sex-specific multiple linear regression models adjusting for other determinants of CRP concentrations, including age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, alcohol intake, diabetes, physical activity, oral hormone use among women, and history of coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and arthritis. Results A positive association of similar strength was found between smoking and CRP concentrations in both men and women who did not use exogenous oral hormones. Among women who used exogenous oral hormones, no association with smoking was found. In older men and women it took several years after smoking cessation for CRP concentrations to return to that of individuals who never smoked. Conclusion Smoking is associated with dose-dependent and time-dependent increases in CRP concentrations in both men and women. Furthermore, the effect of exogenous oral hormones on CRP concentrations in women is affected by smoking in a dose-dependent fashion.
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