Influence of the demineralisation on the chemical activation of Kraft lignin with orthophosphoric acid

The preparation of activated carbons (ACs) from the thermal decomposition of mixtures of orthophosphoric acid (PA) and either as-received softwood Kraft lignin, KL, or demineralised one, KLd, has been investigated. Activation with PA has been studied for a PA/lignin ratio of 1 (dry ash-free basis) and I h carbonisation time at final temperatures of 400, 500 and 600 degrees C. The yield, surface area, porosity, surface chemistry and methylene blue adsorption capacity have been determined. All ACs were found to be essentially microporous, with surface areas higher than 800 m(2)/g and a maximum value of nearly 1200 m(2)/g for the carbon prepared at 600 degrees C from KL. In order to study the influence of temperature on the properties of the ACs prepared from KL and KLd, the latter precursors were analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). We have concluded that the very different characteristics of the ACs obtained from KL and KLd are due to the presence or not of mineral matter during carbonisation, but mainly to the demineralisation process itself, which produces polymerisation of the raw lignin. Methylene blue adsorption was found to be higher for ACs prepared from KL, mainly because of their higher ash and sulphur contents. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.