2D and 3D upper bound solutions for tunnel excavation using 'elastic' flow fields

This paper presents 2D and 3D upper bound solutions for the problem of tunnel excavation in soft ground. The solution invokes the use of incompressible flow fields derived from the theory of elasticity and the concept of sinks and sources. Comparison is made with previously published results. For some geometries the current calculation results in lower (better) upper bound values; however, the results were generally close to previously published values. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.