Variation of the fundamental constants: Theory and observations

Review of recent works devoted to the variation of the. ne structure constant a, strong interaction and fundamental masses (Higgs vacuum) is presented. The results from Big Bang nucleosynthesis, quasar absorption spectra, and Oklo natural nuclear reactor data give us the space-time variation on the Universe lifetime scale. Comparison of different atomic clocks gives us the present time variation. Assuming linear variation with time we can compare different results. The best limit on the variation of the electron-to-proton mass ratio mu = m(e)/M-p and X-e = m(e)/Lambda QCD follows from the quasar absorption spectra:(1) (mu) over dot/mu = (X)over dot(e)/X-e = (1 +/- 3) x 10(-16) yr(-1). A combination of this result and the atomic clock results(2,3) gives the best limt on variation of alpha: (alpha)over dot/alpha = (-0.8 +/- 0.8) x 10(-16) yr(-1). The Oklo natural reactor gives the best limit on the variation of X-s = m(s)/Lambda QCD where m(s) is the strange quark mass:(4,5) |(X)over dot(s)/X-s| < 10(-18) yr(-1). Note that the Oklo data can not give us any limit on the variation of a since the effect of a there is much smaller than the effect of X-s and should be neglected. Huge enhancement of the relative variation e. ects happens in transitions between close atomic, molecular and nuclear energy levels. We suggest several new cases where the levels are very narrow. Large enhancement of the variation e. ects is also possible in cold atomic and molecular collisions near Feshbach resonance. How changing physical constants and violation of local position invariance may occur? Light scalar fields very naturally appear in modern cosmological models, affecting parameters of the Standard Model (e.g. alpha). Cosmological variations of these scalar. fields should occur because of drastic changes of matter composition in Universe: the latest such event is rather recent (about 5 billion years ago), from matter to dark energy domination. Massive bodies (stars or galaxies) can also affect physical constants. They have large scalar charge S proportional to number of particles which produces a Coulomb-like scalar field U = S/r. This leads to a variation of the fundamental constants proportional to the gravitational potential, e.g. delta alpha/alpha = k alpha delta(GM/rc(2)). We compare different manifestations of this effect. The strongest limits(6) k alpha + 0.17k(e) = (-3.5 +/- 6) x 10(-7) and k alpha + 0.13k(q) = (-1 +/- 17) x 10(-7) are obtained from the measurements of dependence of atomic frequencies on the distance from Sun(2,7) (the distance varies due to the ellipticity of the Earth's orbit).