期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REVIEW
卷 27, 期 8, 页码 707-729出版社
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.eiar.2007.01.001
关键词
pharmaceuticals; wastewater; values; risk assessment; precautionary principle
The relatively new issue of pharmaceutical contamination of the environment offers the opportunity to explore the application of values to the construction, communication and management of risk. The still-developing regulatory policies regarding environmental contamination with pharmaceuticals provide fertile ground for the introduction of values into the definition and management of risk. In this report, we summarize the current knowledge regarding pharmaceutical contamination of the environment and discuss specific attributes of pharmaceuticals that require special consideration. We then present an analysis showing that if values are incorporated into assessing, characterizing and managing risk, the results of risk assessments will more accurately reflect the needs of various stakeholders. Originating from an acknowledgement of the inherent uncertainty and value-laden nature of risk assessment, the precautionary principle (and later, the multi-criteria, integrated risk assessment), provides a direction for further research and policy development. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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