Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) induces cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in murine macrophages and is facilitated by ACT interaction with CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1)

Bordetella pertussis causes a profound inflammatory response in lungs of infected individuals. The adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) of B. pertussis is a potent enzyme that converts cytosolic ATP into cAMP, and is required for virulence in vivo. During infection, secreted ACT binds to macrophages utilizing the beta(2) integrin, Mac-1 (CR3, CD11b/CD18), and subsequent intoxication by ACT inhibits essential antibacterial activities of macrophages. Additionally, Mac-1 has been reported to be a co-receptor for TLR4 required for the full induction of some LPS-responsive genes, including pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). We have examined the effect of ACT on COX-2 expression in HEK293T cells expressing Mac-1 and in murine macrophages. We report that ACT induces COX-2 in a manner that absolutely requires the catalytic activity of this enzyme and Mac-1 expression dramatically enhanced the sensitivity of cells to ACT-dependent COX-2 induction. The mechanism of COX-2 induction by ACT utilizes the cAMP-PKA-CREB-dependent pathway. Finally, ACT and TLR2 or TLR4 act synergistically to increase COX-2 expression. These data suggest that ACT contributes significantly to the inflammatory response induced by B. pertussis infection by augmenting COX-2 expression and provides evidence against the concept that ACT functions exclusively via its inhibitory effects on phagocytic leucocytes.