期刊
AMERICAN NATURALIST
卷 179, 期 5, 页码 E133-E146出版社
UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
DOI: 10.1086/665032
关键词
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; plant benefit; cheaters; tillage; sanctions; partner choice
资金
- ERGO (Ecology Regarding Genetically Modified Organisms) [838.06.021]
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
- National Science Foundation [1051397]
- Nuffield College
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Royal Society
- European Research Council
- Leverhulme Trust
- Swiss National Science Foundation [31003A-125491]
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1051397] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [31003A_125491] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
Explaining mutualistic cooperation between species remains a major challenge for evolutionary biology. Why cooperate if defection potentially reaps greater benefits? It is commonly assumed that spatial structure (limited dispersal) aligns the interests of mutualistic partners. But does spatial structure consistently promote cooperation? Here, we formally model the role of spatial structure in maintaining mutualism. We show theoretically that spatial structure can actually disfavor cooperation by limiting the suite of potential partners. The effect of spatial structuring depends on the scale (fine or coarse level) at which hosts reward their partners. We then test our predictions by using molecular methods to track the abundance of competing, closely related, cooperative, and less cooperative arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal symbionts on host roots over multiple generations. We find that when spatial structure is reduced by mixing soil, the relative success of the more cooperative AM fungal species increases. This challenges previous suggestions that high spatial structuring is critical for stabilizing cooperation in the mycorrhizal mutualism. More generally, our results show, both theoretically and empirically, that contrary to expectations, spatial structuring can select against cooperation.
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