Taxonomy and inventory of the cytospecies and cytotypes of the Simulium damnosum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in relation to onchocerciasis

We provide an inventory of all named cytoforms of the Simulium damnosum complex (including those which are now considered invalid), along with all inversions that have been recorded (including synonyms and homonyms). There are 55 valid and distinct cytoforms known from the S. damnosum complex making it the largest sibling species complex of any vectors, and probably of any insect or other animal. All cytoforms are listed along with their fixed and diagnostic inversions and country distribution. There are 183 inversions known from the complex as a whole, of which 49% are fixed and/or diagnostic between cytoforms, and the fixed/diagnostic inversions seem to occur disproportionately on chromosome arm 2L.