The structural efficiency of orthotropic stalks, stems and tubes

An optimised structure is one which uses the smallest quantity of the best material to perform its function, with adequate safety factor or margin for error. Structural optimisation occurs not only in mechanical engineering, but also in nature: plants with hollow stems or stalks gain a height advantage, and are thus more efficient, by approaching the optimum shape. Here we consider the optimisation of orthotropic tubes, typifying, in a mechanical sense, stalk and stem. The stiffness and strength of orthotropic tubes of initially circular section are reviewed, and diagrams are proposed which allow the optimum section shape to be selected.