Photocatalytic production of H2 on nanocomposite catalysts

The photocatalytic production of H-2 in water with visible light using nanocomposite catalysts, which include quantum-sized (Q-sized) US, US nanoparticles embedded in zeolite cavities (CdS/zeolite), and CdS quantum dots (Q-CdS) deposited on KNbO3 (CdS/KNbO3 and Ni/NiO/KNbO3/CdS), is investigated. The rate of H-2 production in alcohol/water mixtures and other electron donors at lambda >= 400 mm is the highest with the hybrid catalyst, Ni/NiO/KNbO3/CdS with a measured quantum yield, phi, of 8.8%. The relative order of reactivity as a function of catalyst is Ni(0)/NiO/KNbO3/CdS > Ni(0)/KNbO3/CdS > KNbO3/CdS > CdS/NaY-zeolite > CdS/TiY-zeolite > CdS, while the reactivity order with respect to the array of electron donors is 2-propanol > ethanol > methanol > sulfite > sulfide. In addition, the rates of H2 production from water and water-alcohol mixtures are correlated with fluorescent emission spectra and fluorescence lifetimes. Irradiation of Ni/NiO/KNbO3/CdS proceeds via the partial reduction of Cd(II) to Cd(0) on the surface of CdS. The coupling of Ni(0)/NiO and Cd(0) on the surface of KNbO3 appears to have some of the chemical principles of a Ni/Cd battery at high overvoltages. Evidence for the formation of nickel hydride as an important intermediate has been obtained.