Transient receptor potential channel 6-mediated, localized cytosolic [Na+] transients drive Na+/Ca2+ exchanger-mediated Ca2+ entry in purinergically stimulated aorta smooth muscle cells

The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is increasingly recognized as a physiological mediator of Ca2+ influx and significantly contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension. We recently reported that Ca2+ influx by the NCX (1) is the primary mechanism of Ca2+ entry in purinergically stimulated rat aorta smooth muscle cells and (2) requires functional coupling with transient receptor potential channel 6 nonselective cation channels. Using the Na+ indicator CoroNa Green, we now directly observed and characterized the localized cytosolic [Na+] ([Na+](i))elevations that have long been hypothesized to underlie physiological NCX reversal but that have never been directly shown. Stimulation of rat aorta smooth muscle cells caused both global and monotonic [Na+](i) elevations and localized [Na+](i) transients (LNats) at the cell periphery. Inhibition of nonselective cation channels with SKF-96365 (50 mu mol/L) and 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (75 mu mol/ L) reduced both global and localized [Na+] i elevations in response to ATP (1 mmol/L). This effect was mimicked by expression of a dominant negative construct of transient receptor potential channel 6. Selective inhibition of NCX-mediated Ca2+ entry with KB-R7943 ( 10 mu mol/ L) enhanced the LNats, whereas the global cytosolic [Na+] signal was unaffected. Inhibition of mitochondrial Na+ uptake with CGP-37157 (10 mu mol/ L) increased both LNats and global cytosolic [Na+] elevations. These findings directly demonstrate NCX regulation by LNats, which are restricted to subsarcolemmal, cytoplasmic microdomains. Analysis of the LNats, which facilitate Ca2(+) entry via NCX, suggests that mitochondria limit the cytosolic diffusion of LNats generated by agonist-mediated activation of transient receptor potential channel 6-containing channels.