Successful Treatment of Iatrogenic Multicentric Castleman's Disease Arising Due to Recrudescence of HHV-8 in a Liver Transplant Patient

We describe the case of a 59-year-old HIV-negative male who developed multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) 1 year postliver transplantation due to recrudescence of a pretransplant human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) infection. He presented with fevers, dry cough, weight loss and drenching night sweats. Routine investigations were all unremarkable. Computerized axial tomography (CT) scans showed splenomegaly and intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy, confirmed by positron emission tomography. Cervical lymph node biopsies were consistent with MCD. The presence of HHV-8 was confirmed on immunohistochemistry. Peripheral blood HHV-8 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) monitoring showed a threefold decrease in viremia in the first week of treatment with ganciclovir but had little impact on clinical symptoms. Reducing immunosuppression and switching to rituximab resolved clinical symptoms and produced a negative HHV-8 qPCR result. Retrospective molecular testing of sera collected pre- and immediately posttransplantation confirmed preexisting HHV-8 in the host. This is the first reported case of an HIV-negative postliver transplant patient developing MCD that manifested as posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder due to recrudescence of HHV-8. We propose (1) the introduction of the term iatrogenic Castleman's disease (CD) for this and similar cases, (2) rituximab should be considered as a treatment option for CD and (3) consideration be given to a change to the World Health Organization classification of CD to incorporate such cases. The authors report the development of iatrogenic Castleman's disease in an HIV-negative male 1 year post-liver transplantation who was treated successfully by reducing immunosuppression and administering rituximab.