Temperature regulation during ultrasonic manipulation for long-term cell handling in a microfluidic chip

regulation by the use of ultrasonic standing wave technology in a microfluidic chip. The system is based on a microfabricated silicon structure sandwiched between two glass layers, and an external ultrasonic transducer using a refractive wedge placed on top of the chip for efficient coupling of ultrasound into the microchannel. The chip is fully transparent and compatible with any kind of high-resolution optical microscopy. The temperature regulation method uses calibration data of the temperature increase due to the ultrasonic actuation for determining the temperature of the surrounding air and microscope table, controlled by a warm-air heating unit and a heatable mounting frame. The heating methods are independent of each other, resulting in a flexible choice of ultrasonic actuation voltage and flow rate for different cell and particle manipulation purposes. Our results indicate that it is possible to perform stable temperature regulation with an accuracy of the order of +/- 0.1 degrees C around any physiologically relevant temperature (e.g., 37 degrees C) with high temporal stability and repeatability. The purpose is to use ultrasound for long-term cell and/or particle handling in a microfluidic chip while controlling and maintaining the biocompatibility of the system.