Theoretical examination of reference electrodes for lithium-ion cells

An electrochemical model was developed to compare the use of internal and external reference electrodes for the study of lithium-ion cells. The impact of reference electrode placement on electrode measurements was examined using idealized reference electrodes in cells undergoing short-duration pulse currents. The effectiveness of internal reference electrodes with finite size and impedance was also examined. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.