Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss A Randomized Trial

Background: Self-monitoring for weight loss has traditionally been performed with paper diaries. Technologic advances could reduce the burden of self-monitoring and provide feedback to enhance adherence. Purpose: To determine if self-monitoring diet using a PDA only or the PDA with daily tailored feedback ( PDA + feedback [FB]), was superior to using a paper diary on weight loss and maintenance. Design: The Self-Monitoring and Recording Using Technology (SMART) Trial was a 24-month randomized clinical trial; participants were randomly assigned to one of three self-monitoring groups. Setting/participants: From 2006 to 2008, a total of 210 overweight/obese adults (84.8% female, 78.1% white) were recruited from the community. Data were analyzed in 2011. Intervention: Participants received standard behavioral treatment for weight loss that included dietary and physical activity goals, encouraged the use of self-monitoring, and was delivered in group sessions. Main outcome measures: Percentage weight change at 24 months, adherence to self-monitoring over time. Results: Study retention was 85.6%. The mean percentage weight loss at 24 months was not different among groups (paper diary: -1.94%, 95% CI = -3.88, 0.01; PDA: -1.38%, 95% CI = -3.38, 0.62; PDA + FB: -2.32%, 95% CI = -4.29, -0.35); only the PDA + FB group (p = 0.02) demonstrated a significant loss. For adherence to self-monitoring, there was a time-by-treatment group interaction between the combined PDA groups and the paper diary group (p = 0.03) but no difference between PDA and PDA + FB groups (p = 0.49). Across all groups, weight loss was greater for those who were adherent >= 60% versus <30% of the time (p < 0.001). Conclusions: PDA + FB use resulted in a small weight loss at 24 months; PDAuse resulted in greater adherence to dietary self-monitoring over time. However, for sustained weight loss, adherence to self-monitoring is more important than the method used to self-monitor. A daily feedback message delivered remotely enhanced adherence and improved weight loss, which suggests that technology can play a role in improving weight loss. Trial registration: This study is registered at clinicaltrials. gov NCT00277771. (Am J Prev Med 2012;43(1):20-26) (C) 2012 American Journal of Preventive Medicine