Surface and subsurface losses of N and P from salt-affected rice paddy fields of Saemangeum reclaimed land in South Korea

The present study was carried out to evaluate nutrient losses that occur during the course of agricultural activity from rice paddy fields of reclaimed tidal flat. For this study, we chose a salt-affected rice paddy field located in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal area, which is located on the western South Korean coasts. The plot size was 1,000 m(2) (40 m x 25 m) with three replicates. The soil belonged to the Gwanghwal series, i.e., it was of the coarse silty, mixed, mesic type of Typic Haplaquents (saline alluvial soil). The input quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus (as chemical fertilizer) into the experimental rice paddy field were 200 kg N ha(-1) and 51 kg P2O5 ha(-1) per annum, and the respective input quantities of each due to precipitation were 9.3-12.9 kg N ha(-1) and 0.4-0.7 kg P ha(-1) per annum. In terms of irrigation water, these input quantities were 4.5-8.2 kg N ha(-1) and 0.3-0.9 kg P ha(-1) per annum, respectively. Losses of these nutrients due to surface runoff were 22.5-38.1 kg N ha(-1) and 0.7-2.2 kg P ha(-1) for the year 2003, and 26.8-29.6 kg N ha(-1) and 1.6-1.9 kg P ha(-1) for the year 2004, respectively. Losses of these nutrients due to subsurface infiltration during the irrigation period were 0.44-0.67 kg N ha(-1) and 0.030.04 kg P ha(-1) for the year 2003, and 0.15-0.16 kg N ha(-1) and 0.05-0.06 kg P ha(-1) for 2004. When losses of nitrogen and phosphorus were compared to the amount of nutrients supplied by chemical fertilizers, it was found that 11.3-19.1% of nitrogen and 0.5-1.7% of phosphorus were lost via surface runoff, whereas subsurface losses accounted to 0.2-0.8% for nitrogen and only 0.02-0.04% for phosphorus during the 2-year study period.