期刊
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS
卷 79, 期 10, 页码 1053-1059出版社
AMER ASSN PHYSICS TEACHERS
DOI: 10.1119/1.3614039
关键词
causality; Kramers-Kronig relations; physics education
资金
- NSERC (Canada)
- Simon Fraser University
The implications of causality are captured by the Kramers-Kronig relations between the real and imaginary parts of a linear response function. In 1937, Bode derived a similar relation between the magnitude (response gain) and the phase. Although the Kramers-Kronig relations are an equality, the Bode's relation is effectively an inequality. This difference is explained using elementary examples and is traced back to delays in the flow of information within the system formed by the physical object and the measurement apparatus. (C) 2011 American Association of Physics Teachers. [DOI: 10.1119/1.3614039]
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