期刊
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
卷 178, 期 4, 页码 590-602出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt006
关键词
fruit; mortality; prospective studies; survival analysis; vegetables
资金
- European Commission (DG-SANCO)
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (coordination of EPIC)
- Danish Cancer Society (Denmark)
- Ligue Contre le Cancer
- Institut Gustave Roussy
- Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) (France)
- Deutsche Krebshilfe
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)
- Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity
- Stavros Niarchos Foundation
- Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece)
- Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC)
- National Research Council (Italy)
- Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare, and Sports (VWS)
- Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR)
- LK Research Funds
- Dutch Prevention Funds
- Dutch Zorg Onderzoek Nederland (ZON)
- World Cancer Research Fund
- Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands)
- ERC-2009-AdG [232997]
- Nordforsk
- Nordic Centre of Excellence programme on Food, Nutrition, and Health (Norway)
- Health Research Fund (FIS)
- Regional Government of Andalucia
- Regional Government of Asturias
- Regional Government of Basque Country
- Regional Government of Murcia [6236]
- Regional Government of Navarra
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Redes Telematicas de Investigacion Cooperativa en Salud (Spain) [RD06/0020]
- Swedish Cancer Society
- Swedish Scientific Council
- Regional Government of Skane and Vasterbotten (Sweden)
- Cancer Research United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council
- Stroke Association
- British Heart Foundation
- Department of Health, Food Standards Agency
- Wellcome Trust (United Kingdom)
- European Research Council (ERC) [232997] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
- Cancer Research UK [14136] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [G0401527, G1000143, G0801056B] Funding Source: researchfish
In this study, the relation between fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality was investigated within the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. Survival analyses were performed, including 451,151 participants from 10 European countries, recruited between 1992 and 2000 and followed until 2010. Hazard ratios, rate advancement periods, and preventable proportions to respectively compare risk of death between quartiles of consumption, to estimate the period by which the risk of death was postponed among high consumers, and to estimate proportions of deaths that could be prevented if all participants would shift their consumption 1 quartile upward. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (for the highest quartile, hazard ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86, 0.94), with a rate advancement period of 1.12 years (95% CI: 0.70, 1.54), and with a preventable proportion of 2.95%. This association was driven mainly by cardiovascular disease mortality (for the highest quartile, hazard ratio = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.93). Stronger inverse associations were observed for participants with high alcohol consumption or high body mass index and suggested in smokers. Inverse associations were stronger for raw than for cooked vegetable consumption. These results support the evidence that fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with a lower risk of death.
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