Influence of Winery Age and Design on the Distribution of Airborne Molds in Three Rioja Wine Cellars

The presence of molds in the winery is of concern for winemakers, as molds can be responsible for ochratoxin A and cork taint in wines. The presence of airborne molds was analyzed in four different areas (cask, vinification, bottle cellar, and bottling line) in three Rioja appellation wineries with different characteristics of design, output capacity, and age. Samples were taken four times during the year (winter, spring, summer, and fall). Winery design was a determinant factor in the levels of relative humidity and temperature, which determined the total counts of airborne molds. However, design did not influence the distribution of the main types of molds (Penicillium and Cladosporium) found in the different areas studied. The activity conducted in each part of the winery, mainly when grapes were delivered and when auxiliary materials were handled, affected the total number of airborne molds present at specific times. Hence, a relationship could be established between the activity in the winery and the diversity index. The diversity index was much higher in the older wineries than in the most recently constructed winery. Results indicate the variables that need to be considered in order to control levels of airborne molds in wineries, including the design needed to allow the establishment of an effective system for controlling temperature and relative humidity.