Spatial variability of photosynthetically active radiation in European beech and Norway spruce

The vertical and horizontal variability of solar radiation within a mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L)-Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) mixed stand in Southern Germany is investigated. A large dataset with more than one million spectral measurements of photon fluence rates at six vertical levels within the stand is analyzed with respect to tree species, meteorological sky conditions, and the influence of solar elevation angle on canopy penetration. Irradiance probability density functions of the photosynthetically active waveband are used to describe the three-dimensional radiation field. For a quantification of umbra, penumbra, and sunfleck frequencies, in-canopy fractions of photon fluence rates within the photosynthetically active waveband are investigated. Different phenological stages of beech and their effects on the in-canopy light climate are compared. The results show that during overcast conditions (OVC) fractions of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) are higher at all canopy levels than during clear sky (CS) conditions due to their exclusively diffuse character. The lowest median PAR level of less than 1% of above-canopy PAR can be observed in the shade crown of beech and at ground level. More PAR can penetrate the canopy at a higher solar elevation under CS conditions. This effect is more pronounced for spruce than for beech due to the conical crown shape of the conifers that allows photons from higher angles to enter the gaps inbetween trees in contrast to the more homogeneously closed beech canopy. Solar elevation is not an important factor at uniformly overcast conditions. Differences in the vertical distribution of umbra and penumbra can be detected when comparing species or different sky conditions. The frequency of sunflecks differs more by species and by the vertical position within the canopy than by sky condition. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.