期刊
AEROSOL AND AIR QUALITY RESEARCH
卷 13, 期 3, 页码 977-991出版社
TAIWAN ASSOC AEROSOL RES-TAAR
DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2012.10.0263
关键词
Organic carbon; Elemental carbon; PM2.5; SEM/EDX; SOC
资金
- National Institute of Oceanography
- DST, New Delhi [SR/S4/AS:273/07]
PM2.5 samples were collected at traffic, rural and campus sites in Agra during Nov 2010 to Feb 2011 and characterized for carbonaceous aerosols. The average mass concentrations of PM2.5 were 308.3 +/- 51.8 mu g/m(3), 91.2 +/- 17.3 mu g/m3 and 140.8 +/- 22.3 mu g/m(3) at the traffic, rural and campus sites, respectively. The 24-h mass concentrations of PM2.5 were significantly higher than the limit of 60 mu g/m(3) prescribed in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Indian NAAQS) and 25 mu g/m(3) of those of the WHO (World Health Organization). The average concentrations of OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) were 86.1 +/- 5.2 and 19.4 +/- 2.4 at the traffic site, 30.3 +/- 12.9 and 4.0 +/- 1.5 at the rural site and 44.5 +/- 18.5 mu g/m(3) 5.0 +/- 1.4 mu g/m3 at the campus one. The contributions of TCA (Total Carbonaceous Aerosol) at the traffic, campus and rural sites were found to be 52, 54 and 58% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between water soluble K+ and OC at the rural (R-2 = 0.63) and campus (R-2 = 0.53) sites compared to the traffic one (R-2 = 0.35). This may be attributed to increased biomass burning emissions at the rural and campus sites. The concentrations of SOC (Secondary Organic Carbon) were estimated based on the minimum OC/EC ratio, and were found to be 15.3 +/- 6.3, 8.2 +/- 5.8 and 28.8 +/- 15.8 mu g/m(3), accounting for 18, 24.7 and 60.7% of total OC at the traffic, rural and campus sites, respectively. The surface morphology of the particles was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). The results indicated branched chain-like aggregates of carbon bearing spheres at the traffic and rural sites, while at the campus site carbon-rich and minerogenic (mineral dust) particles were the dominant ones.
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