Energy Level Alignment and Sub-Bandgap Charge Generation in Polymer:Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

Using charge modulated electroabsorption spectroscopy (CMEAS), for the first time, the energy level alignment of a polymer: fullerene bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell is directly measured. The charge-transfer excitons generated by the sub-bandgap optical pumping are coupled with the modulating electric field and introduce subtle changes in optical absorption in the sub-bandgap region. This minimum required energy for sub-bandgap charge genreation is defined as the effective bandgap.