Fabrication of oriented multilayers of photosystem I proteins on solid surfaces by auto-metallization

AFM phase image of PS I (Top) and platinized PS I (bottom) monolayers. The Pt patches serve as junctions for fabrication of oriented multilayer by covalent binding of cysteine mutants through the formation of sulfide bonds with the Pt. A larger absorption cross section and the serial arrangement resulted in an increase in the photo-potential generated by the dry multilayers.