Performance and Stability Enhancement of Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells by Al Doping of TiO2

Reversible photo-induced performance deterioration is observed in mesoporous TiO2-containing devices in an inert environment. This phenomenon is correlated with the activation of deep trap sites due to astoichiometry of the metal oxide. Interestingly, in air, these defects can be passivated by oxygen adsorption. These results show that the doping of TiO2 with aluminium has a striking impact upon the density of sub-gap states and enhances the conductivity by orders of magnitude. Dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells employing Al-doped TiO2 have increased device efficiencies and significantly enhanced operational device stability in inert atmospheres. This performance and stability enhancement is attributed to the substitutional incorporation of Al in the anatase lattice, permanently passivating electronic trap sites in the bulk and at the surface of the TiO2.