期刊
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
卷 39, 期 4, 页码 1279-1289出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0403
关键词
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资金
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [30571087]
- special fund for agriculture profession [200803030]
Increasing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs have greatly contributed to the increasing food production in China during the last decades, but have also increased N and P losses to the environment. The pathways and magnitude of these losses are not well quantified Here, we report on N and P use efficiencies and losses at a national scale in 2005, using the model NUFER (NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use) Total amount of new N imported to the food chain was 48.8 Tg in 2005. Only 4 4 Tg reached households as food Average N use efficiencies in crop production, animal production, and the whole food chain were 26, 11 and 9%, respectively Most of the imported N was lost to the environment, that is, 23 Tg N to atmosphere, as ammonia (57%). nitrous oxide (2%), dinitrogen (33%), and nitrogen oxides (8%), and 20 Tg to waters The total P input into the food chain was 7.8 Tg The average P use efficiencies in crop production, animal production, and the whole food chain were 36, 5, and 7%, respectively This is the first comprehensive overview of N and P balances, losses, and use efficiencies of the food chain in China It shows that the N and P costs of food are high (for N 11 kg kg(-1). for P 13 kg kg(-1)) Key measures for lowering the N and P costs of food production are (i) increasing crop and animal production, (ii) balanced fertilization, and (iii) improved manure management.
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