Normative commitment in the workplace: A theoretical analysis and re-conceptualization

Among the components of the Meyer and Allen's [Meyer. J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 64-89] three-component model of organizational commitment, normative commitment (NC) has received the least attention. It is sometimes dismissed as a redundant construct that bears many similarities to affective commitment and does not explain work behaviors beyond other components. In this review, we seek to re-establish the theoretical and practical significance of NC. We argue that NC has a dual nature and that it manifests itself differently depending on the strength of other components in an employee's commitment profile. NC can be experienced either as a moral duty or a sense of indebtedness, each having different implications for work behavior. Drawing on theories of perceived organizational support, motivation, psychological contracts, leadership, and culture, the paper justifies the distinction between two faces of NC, delineates organizational factors that could promote a more positive interpretation of NC, and proposes an agenda for future research. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.