Antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility of titanium oxide coating modified by iron ion implantation

In this work, zero valent iron nanoparticles (Fe-zero-NPs) and iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe-ox-NPs) were synthesized at the subsurface and surface regions of titanium oxide coatings (TOCs) by plasma immersion ion implantation. This novel Fe-NPs/TOC system showed negligible iron releasing, great electron storage capability and excellent cytocompatibility in vitro. Importantly, the system showed selective antibacterial ability which can kill Staphylococcus aureus under dark conditions but has no obvious antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli. Owing to a bipolar Schottky barrier between Fe-zero-NPs/TOC and Fe-zero-NPs/Fe-ox-NPs, electrons could be captured by the Fe-zero-NPs bounded at the subsurface region of the coating. This electron storage capability of the Fe-NPs/TOC system induced extracellular electron transportation and accumulation of adequate valence-band holes (h(+)) at the external side, which caused oxidation damage to S. aureus cells in the dark. No obvious biocide effect against E. coli resulted from lack of electron transfer ability between E. coli and substrate materials. This work may open up a novel and controlled strategy to design coatings of implants with antibacterial ability and cytocompatibility for medical applications. (C) 2014 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.