Accurate characterization of pure silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite powders synthesized by a new precipitation route

This paper presents a new aqueous precipitation method to prepare silicon-substituted hydroxyapatites Ca-10(PO4)(6-y)(SiO4)(y)(OH)(2-y)(V-OH)(y) (SiHAs) and details the characterization of powders with varying Si content up to y = 1.25 mol mol(SiHA)(-1). X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to accurately characterize samples calcined at 400 degrees C for 2 h and 1000 degrees C for 15 h. This method allows the synthesis of monophasic SiHAs with controlled stoichiometry. The theoretical maximum limit of incorporation of Si into the hexagonal apatitic structure is y < 1.5. This limit depends on the OH content in the channel, which is a function of the Si content, temperature and atmosphere of calcination. These results, particularly those from infrared spectroscopy, raise serious reservations about the phase purity of previously prepared and biologically evaluated SiHA powders, pellets and scaffolds in the literature. (C) 2013 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.