Graphene-Encapsulated Hollow Fe3O4 Nanoparticle Aggregates As a High-Performance Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

Graphene-encapsulated ordered aggregates of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with nearly spherical geometry and hollow interior were synthesized by a simple self-assembly process. The open interior structure adapts well to the volume change in repetitive Li+ insertion and extraction reactions; and the encapsulating graphene connects the Fe3O4 nanoparticles electrically. The structure and morphology of the grapheneFe(3)O(4) composite were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission microscopy. The electrochemical performance of the composite for reversible Li+ storage was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and constant current charging and discharging. The results showed a high and nearly unvarying specific capacity for 50 cycles. Furthermore, even after 90 cycles of charge and discharge at different current densities, about 92% of the initial capacity at 100 mA g(-1) was still recoverable, indicating excellent cycle stability. The graphene Fe3O4 composite is therefore a capable Li+ host with high capacity that can be cycled at high rates with good cycle life. The unique combination of graphene encapsulation and a hollow porous structure definitely contributed to this versatile electrochemical performance.