期刊
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
卷 159, 期 2, 页码 233-243出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22871
关键词
lactation; high altitude; milk composition; breast milk; infants
资金
- Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research
- Leakey Foundation for Human Origins Research
Objective: The physiological challenges of high altitude have led to population-specific patterns of adaptation. These include alterations to child growth and reproduction, including lactation. However, while breastfeeding has been investigated, nothing is known about milk composition in high altitude adapted populations. Materials and Methods: Here, we investigate milk macronutrient composition, volume, and energy in a sample of 82 Tibetans living at high and low altitude in rural villages (Nubri Valley, Nepal) and at low altitude in Kathmandu, Nepal. Milk samples were collected in the morning using hand expression, frozen, and assayed for fat, protein, and total sugars. Reproductive histories and health recalls were also collected. Results: Milk fat averaged 5.2 +/- 2.0 g/100 mL, milk sugar 7.37 +/- 0.49 g/100 mL, and milk protein 1.26 +/- 0.35 g/100 mL for a mean energy density of 81.4 +/- 17.4 kcal/100 mL. There were no associations between altitude of residence and milk composition; however, overall milk fat was high compared to reference populations. Within the three groups, milk fat was positively associated with infant age (B = 0.103; p < 0.001) and maternal triceps skinfold thickness (B = 0.095; p < 0.01) while milk sugar was significantly and inversely associated with maternal parity and triceps skinfold thickness. Discussion: Milk fat, and consequently milk energy, may be increased in high-altitude adapted Tibetans when compared to populations living at low altitude. The association between milk fat and maternal adiposity suggests that milk composition may be sensitive to maternal adiposity in this sample, likely reflecting increased metabolic costs of producing a high-fat milk. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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