期刊
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES
卷 5, 期 8, 页码 -出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy122
关键词
antiretroviral therapy; cryptococcal meningitis; cryptococcus; HIV; immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
资金
- United States Fogarty International Center [K01TW010268, R25TW009345]
- National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke [R01NS086312]
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [T32AI055433]
- United Kingdom Medical Research Council/Wellcome Trust/Department for International Development [MRC MR/M007413/1]
- Grand Challenges Canada [S4-0296-01]
- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation through a grant supporting the Doris Duke International Clinical Research Fellows Program at the University of Minnesota
- DELTAS Africa Initiative grant [DEL-15-011]
- MRC [MR/M007413/1] Funding Source: UKRI
Background. Increased antiretroviral therapy (ART) availability has been associated with more patients developing cryptococcosis after ART initiation. Despite this changing epidemiology, data regarding cryptococcal meningitis in those already receiving ART are limited. We compared clinical presentations and outcomes among ART-naive and ART-experienced Ugandans. Methods. We prospectively enrolled 605 HIV-infected persons with first-episode cryptococcal meningitis from August 2013 to May 2017 who received amphotericin-based combination therapy. We classified participants by ART status and ART duration and compared groups for 2-week survival. Results. Overall, 46% (281/605) of participants were receiving ART at presentation. Compared with those not receiving ART, those receiving ART had higher CD4 counts (P<.001) and lower cerebrospinal fluid fungal burdens (P<.001). Of those receiving ART, 56% (156/281) initiated ART within 6 months, and 18% (51/281) initiated ART within 14 days. Two-week mortality did not differ by ART status (27% in both ART-naive and ART-experienced%; P>.99). However, 47% (24/51) of those receiving ART for <= 14 days died within 2 weeks, compared with 19% (20/105) of those receiving ART for 15-182 days and 26% (32/125) of those receiving ART for >6 months (P<.001). Among persons receiving ART for >6 months, 87% had HIV viral loads >1000 copies/mL. Conclusions. Cryptococcosis after ART initiation is common in Africa. Patients initiating ART who unmask cryptococcal meningitis are at a high risk of death. Immune recovery in the setting of central nervous system infection is detrimental, and management of this population requires further study. Implementing pre-ART cryptococcal antigen screening is urgently needed to prevent cryptococcal meningitis after ART initiation.
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