Recent Advances in Preparation of Porous Polymeric Membranes by Unique Techniques and Mitigation of Fouling through Surface Modification

In this review, modern techniques for the membrane preparation including 3D printing, phase separation micro molding, selective etching and self-assembled and non-solvent induced phase separation (SNIPS) are discussed. The article also takes account of traditional membrane preparation techniques such as phase inversion, sintering, track etching and electrospinning. Although, there is plenty of literature exists on the preparation and tailoring of membrane properties, there are still challenges to develop and establish a reliable membrane fabrication method with high flux, selectivity and anti-fouling properties. Hydrophobic polymers are more prone to foul due to its low surface energy compared to hydrophilic polymers. Fouling resistance of membrane against microbes and proteins had been significantly improved by the use of nanoparticles, and modification with hydrophilic polymers. Mussel-inspired coating and amyloid proteins are also recently found to have excellent antibacterial activity are also reviewed. Hence, a broad understanding of structure and properties is essential for further development and progress in membrane technology for water purification.