期刊
ORGANIZATION SCIENCE
卷 22, 期 6, 页码 1399-1417出版社
INFORMS
DOI: 10.1287/orsc.1100.0618
关键词
user innovation; modularity; open innovation; collaborative innovation
类别
In this paper, we assess the economic viability of innovation by producers relative to two increasingly important alternative models: innovations by single-user individuals or firms and open collaborative innovation. We analyze the design costs and architectures and communication costs associated with each model. We conclude that both innovation by individual users and open collaborative innovation increasingly compete with and may displace producer innovation in many parts of the economy. We explain why this represents a paradigm shift with respect to innovation research, policy making, and practice. We discuss important implications and offer suggestions for further research.
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