期刊
ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE
卷 5, 期 7, 页码 -出版社
ROYAL SOC
DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171178
关键词
Enhydra lutris; pathogen movement; anthropogenic land use; landscape change; spatial scale; Toxoplasma gondii
资金
- National Science Foundation Evolution and Ecology of Infectious Disease (EEID) programme [OCE-1065990, 052765]
- US Geological Survey (Western Ecological Research Center)
- US Geological Survey (Alaska Science Center)
- US Geological Survey (Western Fisheries Research Center)
- United States Department of the Interior ('DOI on the Landscape' program)
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- Bureau of Ocean Energy Management [BOEM 2017-002, MMS 2006-007]
- California Department of Fish Wildlife
- California Coastal Conservancy Sea Otter Tax Check-off Fund
- Pacific Gas and Electric Company (USGS-PG&E CRADA Agreement)
- Monterey Bay Aquarium
- Natural Reserve System of the University of California
Pathogens entering the marine environment as pollutants exhibit a spatial signature driven by their transport mechanisms. The sea otter (Enhydra lutris), a marine animal which lives much of its life within sight of land, presents a unique opportunity to understand land-sea pathogen transmission. Using a dataset on Toxoplasma gondii prevalence across sea otter range from Alaska to California, we found that the dominant drivers of infection risk vary depending upon the spatial scale of analysis. At the population level, regions with high T. gondii prevalence had higher human population density and a greater proportion of human-dominated land uses, suggesting a strong role for population density of the felid definitive host of this parasite. This relationShip persisted when a subset of data were analysed at the individual level: large-scale patterns in sea otter T gondii infection prevalence were largely explained by individual exposure to areas of high human housing unit density, and other landscape features associated with anthropogenic land use, such as impervious surfaces and cropping land. These results contrast with the small-scale, within-region analysis, in which age, sex and prey choice accounted for most of the variation in infection risk, and terrestrial environmental features provided little variation to help in explaining observed patterns. These results underscore the importance of spatial scale in study design when quantifying both individual-level risk factors and landscape-scale variation in infection risk.
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