Visible Light Communication Channel Modeling for Underwater Environments With Blocking and Shadowing

In this paper, we present a comprehensive channel modeling and characterization study for underwater visible light communications. Our study is based on the advanced ray tracing, which allows for an accurate description of the interaction of rays emitted from the lighting source within an underwater environment. Contrary to existing works, which are mainly limited to simplified underwater scenarios, i.e., empty sea, we take into account the presence of human and man-made objects to investigate the effects of shadowing and blockage. The reflection characteristics of the sea surface and sea bottom as well as the water characteristics, i.e., extinction coefficient and scattering phase function of particles, are precisely considered. As case studies, we consider various underwater scenarios with different transmitter/receiver specifications (i.e., viewing angle, aperture size) and different depths from the sea surface. For each environment, we obtain channel impulse responses and present a characterization study where channel parameters, such as channel DC gain, path loss, and delay spread, are obtained.