Bone-targeted delivery of simvastatin-loaded PEG-PLGA micelles conjugated with tetracycline for osteoporosis treatment

This study aimed to investigate the improved therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetic profiles of simvastatin (SIM) with imparted bone targeting potential using tetracycline-mediated PEG-PLGA (TC-PEG-PLGA) micelles in osteoporotic rats. The SIM-loaded TC-PEG-PLGA (TC-PEG-PLGA/SIM) micelles were evaluated for particle size, morphology, stability, loading efficiency, cell viability, bone mineral binding ability in vitro, mineralization, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. TC-PEG-PLGA conjugates were successfully and could self-assembly form micelles in aqueous medium with a 19.4 mu g/mL critical micelle concentration. Then, TC-PEG-PLGA/SIM micelles were prepared with solvent diffusion method, and the obtained micelles (56.21 +/- 7.39 nm average size; 81.8 +/- 3.1% encapsulation efficiency; and 7.56 +/- 0.27% drug loading) led to the prolonged release of SIM from micelles. Cellular uptake test indicated that TC had no effects on micellar internalization and micellar internalization was mainly involved with clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. In vivo pharmacokinetic results indicated that TC-PEG-PLGA/SIM micelles exhibited a significantly prolonged time in systemic circulation and were preferentially accumulated in bone tissue. TC-PEG-PLGA/SIM micelles showed better therapeutic effects, as reflected by the improved bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and bone mechanical strength. Overall, these results suggested that TC-PEG-PLGA/SIM micelles provide several advantages, including prolonged systemic circulation, enhanced bone tissue distribution, and improved therapeutic outcomes in osteoporotic rats.