Low-intensity ultrasound promotes the horizontal transfer of resistance genes mediated by plasmids in E. coli

Widespread of pathogenic bacteria resistant to antibiotics has become a worldwide public health concern. Conjugative transfer between bacteria is an important mechanism for the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Ultrasound has been widely applied in many fields, but the effect of ultrasound on horizontal transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes is still not clear. We discovered that low-intensity (<= 0.05 W/cm(2)) ultrasound had no effect on bacterial growth and survival rates, but increased the permeability of cell membrane, and consequentially elevated the transfer rates of plasmid. Low-intensity ultrasound enhanced conjugation between bacteria, induced expression of conjugation genes TrpBp and TrfAp, and inhibited expression of global regulatory genes KorA, KorB, TrbA, and TrbK. In conclusion, low-intensity ultrasound promoted horizontal transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes by enhancing conjugation and regulating expression of horizontal transfer-related genes.