期刊
IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS
卷 8, 期 2, 页码 448-455出版社
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2791411
关键词
Carrier-induced degradation (CID); light- and elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID); light-induced degradation; materials reliability; multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si); passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC); synchrotron; silicon; X-ray fluorescence
资金
- National Science Foundation (NSF)
- Department of Energy (DOE) [NSF CA EEC-1041895]
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship [1122374]
- Martin Family Society of Fellows for Sustainability
- Tiina and Antti Herlin Foundation
- European Research Council under the European Union's FP7 Programme, ERC [307315]
Light- and elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID) is a detrimental effect observed under operating conditions in p-type multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) solar cells. In this contribution, we employ synchrotron-based techniques to study the dissolution of precipitates due to different firing processes at grain boundaries in LeTID-affected mc-Si. The synchrotron measurements show clear dissolution of collocated metal precipitates during firing. We compare our observations with degradation behavior in the same wafers. The experimental results are complemented with process simulations to provide insight into the change in bulk point defect concentration due to firing. Several studies have proposed that LeTID is caused by metal-rich precipitate dissolution during contact firing, and we find that the solubility and diffusivity are promising screening metrics to identify metals that are compatible with this hypothesis. While slower and less soluble elements (e.g., Fe and Cr) are not compatible according to our simulations, the point defect concentrations of faster and more soluble elements (e.g., Cu and Ni) increase after a high-temperature firing process, primarily due to emitter segregation rather than precipitate dissolution. These results are a useful complement to lifetime spectroscopy techniques, and can be used to evaluate additional candidates in the search for the root cause of LeTID.
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