Factor Structures of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale A Meta-Analysis of Pattern Matrices

The dimensionality of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was examined in this meta-analysis of 23 studies consisting of 80 independent samples representing a total sample of 32,491 participants. The 2-factor structure with a positive self-esteem factor defined by 5 positively worded items and a negative self-esteem factor defined by 5 negatively worded items was generally supported. However, samples in Schmitt and Allik (2005) generated a global self-esteem factor. High coefficients of congruence for noncounterpart factors revealed overlap between positive and negative self-esteem factors. Hence, the 1-factor solution is recommended unless further findings support that positive and negative self-esteem factors in fact measure substantively different underlying constructs.