Coupled CO2 and O2-driven compromises to marine life in summer along the Chilean sector of the Humboldt Current System

Carbon dioxide and coupled CO2 and O-2-driven compromises to marine life were examined along the Chilean sector of the Humboldt Current System, a particularly vulnerable hypoxic and upwelling area, applying the Respiration index (RI = log(10) < span style='border-bottom: 1px solid #000; vertical-align: 50%; font-size: .7em; color: #000;'> pO(2)< span style='margin-left: -1.8em; margin-right: .5em; vertical-align: -15%; font-size: .7em; color: #000;'> pCO(2)) and the pH-dependent aragonite saturation (Omega) to delineate the water masses where aerobic and calcifying organisms are stressed. As expected, there was a strong negative relationship between oxygen concentration and pH or pCO(2) in the studied area, with the subsurface hypoxic Equatorial Subsurface Waters extending from 100 m to about 300 m depth and supporting elevated pCO(2) values. The lowest RI values, associated to aerobic stress, were found at about 200 m depth and decreased towards the Equator. Increased pCO(2) in the hypoxic water layer reduced the RI values by as much as 0.59 RI units, with the thickness of the upper water layer that presents conditions suitable for aerobic life (RI > 0.7) declining by half between 42A degrees S and 28A degrees S. The intermediate waters hardly reached those stations closer to the equator so that the increased pCO(2) lowered pH and the saturation of aragonite. A significant fraction of the water column along the Chilean sector of the Humboldt Current System suffers from CO2-driven compromises to biota, including waters corrosive to calcifying organisms, stress to aerobic organisms or both. The habitat free of CO2-driven stresses was restricted to the upper mixed layer and to small water parcels at about 1000 m depth. Overall pCO(2) acts as a hinge connecting respiratory and calcification challenges expected to increase in the future, resulting in a spread of the challenges to aerobic organisms.