Side effect of some insecticide used in citrus orchard on aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus confusus Tremlay and Eady, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall), and Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The side effects of the most common used insecticides in citrus orchards such as spirotetramat, pyriproxyfen, spinosad, chlorpyrifos-ethyl 480, paraffinic mineral oil and mineral oil on pupa and adult stages of Lysiphlebus confusus Tremlay and Eady, L. fabarum (Marshall) and L. testaceipes (Cresson) were evaluated under guidelines of IOBC/WPRS. Contact toxicity on adult parasitoids and dipping method for pupal stage of parasitoids were used to evaluate potential adverse effects of insecticides on the survival and the reproductive capacity of the parasitoid. According to result of these study, chlorpyrifos-ethyl 480, paraffinic mineral oil and mineral oil are harmful and moderately harmful on pupa and adult stages of all three species according to IOBS classification. Spinosad is harmless on pupa stages, harmful and moderately harmful on adult stages of three species. Effect of spirotetramat and pyriproxyfen are lesser than other insecticides and harmless on pupa, harmless and slightly harmless on adult of three species. While the parasitoids exposed to Chlorpyrifos-ethyl 480, paraffinic mineral oil and mineral oil at pupa stages didn't laid eggs, the parasitoids exposed to spirotetramat, pyriproxyfen, spinosad laid eggs as control groups.. Adult parasitoids subjected to spirotetramat and pyriproxyfen laid eggs as control groups.