Interpregnancy weight change and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives To evaluate the effect of interpregnancy body mass index (BMI) change on pregnancy outcomes, including large-for-gestational-age babies (LGA), small-for-gestational age babies (SGA), macrosomia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and caesarean section (CS). Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Data sources Literature searches were performed across Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Global Health and MIDIRS databases. Study selection Observational cohort studies with participants parity from 0 to 1. Main outcome measures Adjusted ORs (aORs) with 95% Cls were used to evaluate the association between interpregnancy BMI change on five outcomes. Results 925065 women with singleton births from parity 0 to 1 were included in the meta-analysis of 11 studies selected from 924 identified studies. A substantial increase in interpregnancy BMI (>3 BMI units) was associated with an increased risk of LGA (aOR 1.85, 95%CI 1.71 to 2.00, p<0.001), GDM (aOR 2.28, 95% CI 1.97 to 2.63, p<0.001), macrosomia (aOR 1.54, 95%Cl 0.939 to 2.505) and CS (aOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.24, p<0.001) compared with the reference category, and a decreased risk of SGA (aOR 0.83, 95%CI 0.70 to 0.99, p=0.044). An interpregnancy BMI decrease was associated with a decreased risk of LGA births (aOR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.90, p<0.001) and GDM (aOR 0.80, 95%Cl 0.62 to 1.03), and an increased risk of SGA (aOR 1.31, 95%Cl 1.06 to 1.63, p=0.014). Women with a normal BMI (<25kg/m(2)) at first pregnancy who have a substantial increase in BMI between pregnancies had a higher risk of LGA (aOR 2.10, 95% CI 1.93 to 2.29) and GDM (aOR 3.10, 950/0 CI 2.74 to 3.50) when compared with a reference than women with a BMI 25 kg/m(2) at first pregnancy. Conclusions Gaining weight between pregnancies increases risk of developing GDM, CS and LGA, and reduces risk of SGA in the subsequent pregnancy. Losing weight between pregnancies reduces risk of GDM and LGA and increases risk of SGA. Weight stability between first and second pregnancy is advised in order to reduce risk of adverse outcomes.