Vitamin C promotes apoptosis in breast cancer cells by increasing TRAIL expression

Genomic loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) accompanies malignant cellular transformation in breast cancer. Vitamin C serves as a cofactor for TET methylcytosine dioxygenases to increase 5hmC generation. Here we show that the transcription of SVCT2, a major vitamin C transporter, was decreased in human breast cancers (113 cases) compared to normal breast tissues from the same patients. A decreased SVCT2 expression was also observed in breast cancer cell lines. Treatment with vitamin C (100 mu M) increased the 5hmC content in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and markedly altered the transcriptome. The vitamin C treatment induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells, which was verified in two additional breast cancer cell lines. This pro-apoptotic effect of vitamin C appeared to be mediated by TRAIL, a known apoptosis inducer. Vitamin C upregulated TRAIL transcripts (2.3-fold increase) and increased TRAIL protein levels. The upregulation of TRAIL by vitamin C was largely abolished by siRNAs targeting TETs and anti-TRAIL antibody abrogated the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, the apoptosis promoted by vitamin C was associated with Bax and caspases activation, Bcl-xL sequestration, and cytochrome c release. Taken together, these results suggest a potential role of physiological doses of vitamin C in breast cancer prevention and treatment.