VOC emissions influence intra- and interspecific interactions among stored-product Coleoptera in paddy rice

Olfaction is a pivotal sense for insects and granivorous pests may exploit grain volatiles for food selection. Tribolium confusum, is a secondary pest of stored cereals that benefits from primary pests' infestation, as other secondary feeders, triggering competition. This study aimed to evaluate the preferences of T. confusum females toward different-infested paddy rice, highlighting the impact of intra-and interspecific competition. Tribolium confusum showed positive chemotaxis toward rice infested by larvae of a primary pest (Sitophilus zeamais), but not for grain attacked by adults alone. Furthermore, kernels concurrently infested by a primary (S. zeamais) and a secondary pest (T. confusum or Cryptolestes ferrugineus) were evaluated in Y-tube bioassays, highlighting that both food-sources were innately attractive for T. confusum females. Moreover, females positively oriented toward rice infested by conspecifics, while they avoided grain infested by C. ferrugineus, averting an extremely competitive habitat. Behavioural responses of T. confusum females and volatile emissions of different-infested rice highlighted the occurrence of plant-mediated interactions among insects from the same trophic guild. Seventy volatiles were identified and significant differences among the tested food-sources were recorded, emphasizing the presence of 6 putative attractants and 6 repellents, which may be useful biocontrol tools.